Stomach Cancer Surgery: A Comprehensive Guide to Your Curative Treatment
If you or a loved one are facing a diagnosis of stomach cancer, the path forward centers on one critical, hope-giving intervention: Stomach Cancer Surgery. We understand that the prospect of a major operation is daunting, and you are filled with urgent questions. This comprehensive guide is designed to provide clear, authoritative answers and to illuminate the central role that expert surgery plays in the successful treatment of stomach cancer. Our goal is to replace uncertainty with knowledge and confidence.
The outcome of a surgery for stomach cancer is not a matter of chance; it is directly linked to the experience, precision, and judgment of the surgical team. At our center of excellence, led by world-renowned surgical oncologist Prof. Dr. Oguzhan Karatepe, we are dedicated to providing the highest possible standard of care. This page will explain the types of surgery, the recovery process, and why the choice of your surgeon is the most important decision you will make in this journey.
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Meet Prof. Dr. Oguzhan Karatepe: Your Stomach Cancer Surgeon
The surgical treatment of stomach cancer (gastric cancer) is a demanding and highly specialized field. It requires a surgeon with extensive experience in gastrointestinal surgical oncology. We are proud to have Prof. Dr. Oguzhan Karatepe, a world-class general and cancer surgeon, at the helm of our team.
With an esteemed career spanning over 25 years, Prof. Dr. Karatepe is recognized globally as a leading expert in performing complex cancer operations of the digestive system. His authority is supported by his advanced training at the world’s premier medical institutions and his contribution of more than 100 prestigious national and international academic publications. He has mastered the intricate procedures required for stomach cancer, including total and partial gastrectomies with the essential D2 lymph node dissection. Patients from the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, and worldwide trust Prof. Dr. Karatepe for his meticulous surgical skill and his commitment to achieving the best possible oncological outcomes. When facing this diagnosis, you deserve the confidence that comes from being in the care of a true master of cancer stomach surgery.
With over 25 years of experience, we perform these surgeries with expertise. Contact us now to find the best solution for your health.
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The Central Role of Surgery in Treating Stomach Cancer
For patients diagnosed with localized stomach cancer (cancer that has not spread to distant organs), it is essential to understand one fundamental truth: Stomach Cancer Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment and offers the only potential for a cure. While other therapies like chemotherapy are vital parts of the overall treatment plan, their role is to support the surgery. The primary, indispensable step toward curing the disease is the complete surgical removal of the tumor.
This is why a consultation with a highly skilled surgical oncologist is the most critical first step after diagnosis. The surgeon’s assessment determines if the cancer is resectable (removable) and sets the stage for the entire curative treatment strategy. All other therapies revolve around making the surgery more successful or reducing the risk of recurrence after the tumor has been removed.
Types of Stomach Cancer Surgery (Gastrectomy)
The main surgical procedure for stomach cancer is called a gastrectomy, which means the removal of the stomach. The extent of the surgery depends on the location and size of the tumor. The goal is always to remove the entire tumor along with a margin of healthy tissue and an extensive number of nearby lymph nodes to ensure no cancer is left behind.
Partial (Subtotal) Gastrectomy
If the cancer is located in the lower portion of the stomach (the antrum), the surgeon may perform a partial or subtotal gastrectomy. In this procedure, the lower two-thirds of the stomach are removed. The remaining upper portion of the stomach is then reconnected directly to the small intestine (a procedure called a gastrojejunostomy) to restore the continuity of the digestive tract.
Total Gastrectomy
For cancers located in the upper part of the stomach, near the esophagus, or for cancers that are spread throughout the entire organ, a total gastrectomy is necessary. In this operation, the surgeon removes the entire stomach, from the esophagus to the small intestine. To reconstruct the digestive pathway, the surgeon then connects the end of the esophagus directly to the small intestine (an esophagojejunostomy).
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The Critical D2 Lymphadenectomy: A Mark of Expert Surgery
Perhaps the most important part of any curative surgery for stomach cancer is the lymph node dissection. Stomach cancer spreads through the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and nodes that acts as the body’s drainage system. A proper cancer operation requires the meticulous removal of all the lymph node groups that drain the stomach.
The gold standard, proven by extensive research to improve survival, is the **D2 lymphadenectomy**. This involves the systematic removal of at least 16 lymph nodes from both the inner (perigastric) and outer groups along the major blood vessels that supply the stomach. Performing a D2 lymphadenectomy is technically demanding and requires a deep, expert knowledge of the complex anatomy. It is a key differentiator between a standard operation and a true, high-quality cancer operation performed by a specialist surgeon.
Understanding “Stomach Bypass Surgery” and Cancer: A Clarification
Patients sometimes search for “stomach bypass surgery cancer,” which can be confusing. It is important to clarify this term. A standard “gastric bypass” is a type of weight loss surgery and is **not** a treatment for stomach cancer.
However, the confusion is understandable. After a **total gastrectomy**, where the entire stomach is removed, the surgeon must create a new pathway for food to travel from the esophagus to the intestines. This reconstruction is a form of “bypass,” as food now bypasses the area where the stomach used to be. Specifically, the surgeon performs an esophagojejunostomy, often creating a “Roux-en-Y” limb of intestine to connect to the esophagus.
So, while the goal and the procedure are entirely different from weight loss surgery, the reconstruction after a total gastrectomy does involve creating a new “bypass” for your digestive tract. Understanding this distinction is key to understanding the surgical treatment.
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Stomach Cancer Surgery Survival Rate: The Impact of an Expert Surgeon
The discussion of survival rates is critical for any patient facing cancer. The stomach cancer surgery survival rate is highly dependent on two key factors: the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the quality of the surgery performed.
For early-stage stomach cancer (Stage I) treated with surgery, the 5-year survival rate can be over 70%. For more advanced but still operable local disease (Stages II and III), the 5-year survival rate, when surgery is combined with chemotherapy, is in the range of 30-50%.
These statistics highlight an essential truth: **the surgeon’s skill directly impacts the survival rate**. An expert surgical oncologist is far more likely to achieve a complete tumor removal with clear margins (an R0 resection) and perform a proper D2 lymphadenectomy. Achieving an R0 resection is the single most important predictor of long-term survival. Therefore, choosing a high-volume, specialist surgeon is the most powerful step a patient can take to improve their chances of a cure.
Life After Stomach Cancer Surgery: Recovery and Your New Normal
Life in the stomach cancer post surgery phase is a journey of healing and adaptation. The recovery is significant, but a return to a full and active life is the ultimate goal.
The Hospital Recovery Phase
After your gastrectomy, you will spend approximately 5 to 10 days in the hospital. Our team will manage your pain, monitor for any complications, and help you get up and walk to aid your recovery. You will not be able to eat or drink immediately. Your digestive system will be allowed to rest, and nutrition may be provided through an IV line or a temporary feeding tube. Your diet will be advanced very slowly from sips of water to liquids and then to soft foods before you are discharged.
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Long-Term Recovery and Dietary Adjustments
Full recovery of your strength and energy can take several months. The most significant long-term change will be to your diet and eating habits. Without a stomach, or with a much smaller stomach, you will need to:
- Eat Small, Frequent Meals: You will no longer be able to eat three large meals a day. Instead, you will need to eat 6-8 small, snack-sized meals throughout the day.
- Avoid Sugar to Prevent Dumping Syndrome: Especially after a total gastrectomy, eating high-sugar foods can cause the food to “dump” too quickly into the small intestine, leading to unpleasant symptoms like cramping, nausea, sweating, and diarrhea.
- Take Vitamin Supplements: You will need lifelong vitamin supplements, most importantly regular Vitamin B12 injections, as the part of the stomach responsible for its absorption will be gone.
A dietitian is a crucial member of your post-surgery team, helping you navigate your new way of eating to ensure you maintain a healthy weight and proper nutrition.
Key Takeaways
- Surgery is the Cornerstone of a Cure: For localized disease, stomach cancer surgery is the most important treatment and offers the only chance for a cure.
- Expertise is Not Optional: The success of the surgery, especially the critical D2 lymph node dissection, is dependent on the skill of a high-volume surgical oncologist like Prof. Dr. Karatepe.
- Types of Surgery: The operation can be a partial or total removal of the stomach (gastrectomy), depending on the tumor’s location.
- A Multidisciplinary Approach: The best treatment combines expert surgery with chemotherapy given before and/or after the operation.
- Survival is Linked to Quality Surgery: The stomach cancer surgery survival rate is highest when a complete removal of the tumor and lymph nodes is achieved.
- Life After Surgery is Different but Full: You can live a full and healthy life without a stomach, but it requires permanent adjustments to your diet and eating habits.
Your Next Step: A Consultation with a Surgical Expert
You have been diagnosed with a serious disease that requires a serious and expert-led plan. The next steps you take are critical. The most important of these is to consult with a surgeon who has dedicated their career to mastering the complexities of surgery for stomach cancer. This will provide you with a clear understanding of your surgical options and the confidence that you are on the best possible path.
Prof. Dr. Oguzhan Karatepe is a world-renowned expert in this field. For over 25 years, he has been performing these life-saving gastrectomies, providing hope and extending lives for patients from all over the world. Our team is committed to providing a level of care that is both technically flawless and deeply compassionate. We understand the journey of stomach cancer post surgery and will be there to support you every step of the way.
You are facing a fight that deserves the best possible surgeon in your corner. Let us provide that expertise for you.
Contact us now to arrange a confidential consultation for you or a loved one. An expert opinion is the first step toward a successful outcome. Let us help you navigate this path with a definitive plan and a message of hope.
Contact & WhatsApp: +90 530 917 30 30
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Stomach Cancer Surgery
Basics of the Surgery
1. What is the main surgery for stomach cancer?
The main surgery is called a gastrectomy, which is the removal of part or all of the stomach, along with nearby lymph nodes.
2. What is a gastrectomy?
It is the medical term for the surgical removal of the stomach.
3. Will my entire stomach be removed?
This depends on the cancer’s location. If it’s in the lower part, a partial gastrectomy may be possible. If it’s in the upper part or is widespread, a total gastrectomy is necessary.
4. Can you live a normal life without a stomach?
Yes. While it requires significant and permanent changes to your diet (eating small, frequent meals), you can live a full and active life after a total gastrectomy.
5. What is the most important part of the cancer stomach surgery?
The most critical part is achieving a complete removal of the tumor with clean margins (an R0 resection) and performing a thorough D2 lymph node dissection.
6. What is a D2 lymphadenectomy?
It is the standard-of-care procedure where the surgeon removes all the specific groups of lymph nodes surrounding the stomach, which is essential for curing the disease.
7. Why are lymph nodes removed?
To remove any cancer cells that may have spread to the nodes and to accurately stage the cancer, which guides the need for chemotherapy.
8. Is surgery the only treatment I will need?
For most stages of stomach cancer (Stage IB and higher), surgery is combined with chemotherapy to give the best chance of a cure.
9. Is this surgery considered high risk?
It is a major operation, but at a high-volume center with an expert surgeon, it is a safe procedure with low mortality rates.
10. How long does the surgery take?
A gastrectomy for cancer can take between 3 and 5 hours, depending on its complexity.
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Candidacy and Preparation
11. How do I know if I am a candidate for surgery?
This is determined after a full staging workup, including CT scans. You are a candidate if the cancer is localized to the stomach and nearby lymph nodes and has not spread to distant organs.
12. What does “unresectable” mean?
It means the tumor cannot be safely removed, either because it has spread to distant sites (Stage IV) or it has grown to encase major blood vessels.
13. Can chemotherapy make an inoperable tumor operable?
Yes, this is one of the main goals of neoadjuvant (pre-operative) chemotherapy. It can shrink a tumor away from blood vessels, converting an “unresectable” case into a resectable one.
14. How do I prepare for surgery?
Preparation involves optimizing your nutrition to be as strong as possible, stopping smoking, and undergoing a full medical evaluation.
15. Will I need to be on a special diet before surgery?
Your team may recommend a high-protein, high-calorie diet and nutritional supplement drinks to build up your strength before the operation.
16. Why do I need to stop smoking?
Smoking severely impairs healing and dramatically increases the risk of serious post-operative complications, especially pneumonia and leaks.
17. What if I have other health problems?
Your team will work to optimize your other conditions (like heart or lung disease) to make the surgery as safe as possible.
18. How long after diagnosis should surgery happen?
If you are having chemotherapy first, surgery will happen after that course is complete. If surgery is the first step, it should be done without unnecessary delay once your workup is complete.
19. Is age a barrier to having surgery?
Your overall fitness (“physiologic age”) is more important than your chronological age. Many older patients in good health undergo the surgery successfully.
20. Why is a second opinion important before surgery?
To confirm that you have the correct diagnosis and staging, and that the proposed treatment plan, especially the surgical plan, is the best possible option for you.
Contact & WhatsApp: +90 530 917 30 30
Recovery and Post-Op Life
21. What is the stomach cancer post surgery experience like?
It involves a hospital stay of 7-10 days, a period of healing at home for 6-8 weeks, and a gradual adjustment to a new way of eating.
22. How much pain is there after the operation?
You will have significant surgical pain, but it is well-controlled with strong medications, often an epidural for the first few days.
23. When can I eat and drink?
Your digestive system will need to rest. You will start with sips of water a few days after surgery and slowly advance your diet under the guidance of your team.
24. Will I have a feeding tube?
It is very common for a temporary feeding tube (J-tube) to be placed during a total gastrectomy to provide nutrition while your new connection heals.
25. What is “dumping syndrome”?
It is a group of symptoms (cramping, sweating, diarrhea) caused by high-sugar foods moving too quickly into the small intestine after a gastrectomy. You will learn to avoid the foods that trigger it.
26. What will my diet be like for the rest of my life?
You will need to eat 6-8 small, frequent meals per day, focus on protein, and sip liquids between meals rather than with them.
27. Will I need vitamin B12 shots?
Yes. After any significant gastrectomy, you will need regular B12 injections for life because your body can no longer absorb it from food.
28. When can I return to work?
You should plan for at least 2-3 months off work to recover from this major operation.
29. Can I exercise?
Walking is encouraged immediately. You can gradually return to more strenuous exercise after about 6-8 weeks.
30. What does the reconnection look like after a total gastrectomy?
The surgeon creates a “Roux-en-Y” connection, where the esophagus is attached to a loop of the small intestine.
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Survival Rates and Outcomes
31. What is the stomach cancer surgery survival rate?
The 5-year survival rate is highly dependent on the stage at which the surgery is performed. It can be over 70% for Stage I and in the 30-50% range for Stage III.
32. Does the surgeon’s skill really affect survival?
Yes, it is one of the most important factors. An expert surgeon’s ability to achieve a complete R0 resection with a D2 lymphadenectomy directly improves the chance of a cure.
33. What is an R0 resection?
It means the pathologist has confirmed that the surgeon successfully removed all of the cancer with a “clean margin” of healthy tissue.
34. Can the cancer come back after surgery?
Yes, there is a risk of recurrence, which is why chemotherapy is almost always given as part of the treatment plan.
35. Is a cure possible?
Yes. For localized stomach cancer, a cure is the goal of treatment and is achieved in a significant number of patients who undergo the complete, multidisciplinary treatment plan.
36. What if lymph nodes are positive for cancer?
Having cancer in the lymph nodes means the cancer is more advanced, but a cure is still possible with surgery followed by chemotherapy.
37. Does the location of the tumor affect survival?
Generally, tumors in the lower part of the stomach have a slightly better prognosis than those in the upper part.
38. What is the most important predictor of a good outcome?
An early stage at diagnosis and a complete (R0) surgical resection.
39. What does “median survival” mean?
It is a statistical midpoint in a group of patients. It does not predict how long any individual will live.
40. Are survival rates improving?
Yes, due to the widespread adoption of perioperative chemotherapy and better surgical techniques, survival rates have improved over the last decade.
41. How will I know if the surgery was successful?
The pathology report after surgery is the first indication. It will tell you the stage and if the margins were clean. Long-term success is measured by follow-up scans remaining clear.
42. What is the role of chemotherapy after surgery?
It serves as an “insurance policy” to kill any microscopic cancer cells that might be circulating in the body, reducing the risk of the cancer returning.
43. If my scans are clear after treatment, am I cured?
If you remain cancer-free for 5 years, you are generally considered to be cured, as the risk of recurrence after that point is very low.
44. Is the stomach bypass surgery for cancer a real thing?
Not as a primary operation. A gastric bypass is for weight loss. The “bypass” created after a total gastrectomy is a reconstruction, not a separate procedure.
45. What if the surgeon finds the cancer has spread during the operation?
If widespread disease is found, the surgeon may stop the major resection and perform a simpler palliative procedure or close without doing anything further, as a curative surgery would no longer be beneficial.
46. What is a palliative gastrectomy?
In some cases, even if the cancer is advanced, a surgeon might remove the main tumor to control symptoms like bleeding or blockage.
47. What is the prognosis for Stage 4 stomach cancer?
Stage 4 is not curable, but with modern chemotherapy and other drugs, the median survival is often around 12-15 months, and quality of life can be maintained.
48. Does the type of adenocarcinoma (e.g., signet ring) affect prognosis?
Yes, some subtypes like signet ring cell or poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas can be more aggressive.
49. Why is a D2 lymphadenectomy so crucial for survival?
Because it removes the most likely sites of cancer spread and provides the most accurate staging, which ensures you get the right post-operative treatment.
50. Where can I find hope?
Hope is found in a clear plan from an expert team. It’s found in knowing that there are effective treatments and that you are doing everything possible to fight the disease.
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Miscellaneous Questions
51. Why is Prof. Dr. Karatepe a good choice for this surgery?
His 25+ years of experience, specialization in gastrointestinal cancer, and mastery of the complex gastrectomy with D2 dissection make him a world-class choice.
52. Can I get a second opinion on my case?
Yes, we offer remote second opinion services for international patients. Contact our team to learn more.
53. What is the first step to becoming a patient?
Contact our international patient office. They will guide you through the process of having your medical records reviewed by Prof. Dr. Karatepe.
54. How long will I need to be in the hospital?
Typically 7-10 days for a gastrectomy.
55. Can I travel after my surgery?
Yes, but you will need a significant recovery period (at least 2-3 weeks) after hospital discharge before being cleared for a long flight.
56. What will the scar look like?
An open surgery leaves a long scar down the middle of the abdomen. A minimally invasive surgery leaves several small scars.
57. Will I lose my appetite forever?
Your physical capacity to eat will be small, but your enjoyment of food and psychological appetite can return.
58. Will I need help at home after I am discharged?
Yes, it is highly recommended to have a family member or friend to help you for the first couple of weeks at home.
59. Can surgery be done robotically?
Yes, robotic gastrectomy is an advanced minimally invasive option that can offer benefits like less pain and a faster recovery.
60. Is robotic surgery safer?
In the hands of an expert, both open and robotic surgery are very safe. The key is the surgeon’s skill, not the tool.
61. What if I can’t tolerate chemotherapy?
Your oncologist can adjust the doses or change the drugs to help you manage the side effects.
62. Is it normal to feel depressed after surgery?
Yes, it is very common to experience emotional ups and downs after a major life-changing cancer operation. Seeking support is important.
63. What are the long-term complications of a gastrectomy?
The main long-term issues are nutritional (needing B12 shots), dietary (eating small meals), and managing dumping syndrome.
64. What is anemia?
Anemia is a low red blood cell count. It can be caused by the cancer bleeding or by difficulty absorbing iron and B12 after surgery.
65. How often will I need follow-up scans?
Typically every 3-6 months for the first 2-3 years, then every 6-12 months up to 5 years.
66. What is H. pylori?
A common bacterium that lives in the stomach and is the number one cause of chronic gastritis, ulcers, and stomach cancer.
67. Should my family be tested for H. pylori?
If there is a strong family history of stomach cancer, this is a discussion to have with your family doctor.
68. Will treating H. pylori cure my cancer?
No. Once cancer has developed, treating the H. pylori will not cure the cancer. It requires cancer-directed treatment.
69. Can I drink coffee after surgery?
In moderation, yes. But you must prioritize hydration with water and avoid adding sugar.
70. What are the signs of a recurrence?
The signs can be similar to the original symptoms. Any new, persistent pain, weight loss, or difficulty eating should be reported to your doctor.
71. Will I be able to feel the new connection in my abdomen?
No, you will not feel the internal surgical connections.
72. How long after surgery can I drive?
You must be off all narcotic pain medication and be able to move freely without pain, usually at least 4-6 weeks.
73. What is HER2?
HER2 is a protein that can be overexpressed on some cancer cells. If your cancer is HER2-positive, you can receive a specific targeted drug.
74. What is immunotherapy?
It is a type of treatment that boosts your own immune system to find and kill cancer cells.
75. Why is a multidisciplinary team so important?
Because it brings together experts from every field (surgery, oncology, radiology) to create the single best, most coordinated plan for you.
76. Can I have surgery if I have a heart condition?
You would need a full cardiac clearance from a cardiologist to ensure your heart is strong enough for the operation.
77. What if my tumor is very close to my esophagus?
This may require a more extensive surgery that involves removing the lower part of the esophagus along with the stomach.
78. Will I need physical therapy?
It can be very helpful in regaining your strength and conditioning after a long hospital stay and recovery period.
79. How do I manage my diet when I go out?
You will learn to order appetizers, share meals, or take leftovers home. You will focus on the social experience over the food.
80. Why is it called a “Roux-en-Y” reconstruction?
It is named for the “Y” shape that is created when a loop of intestine is brought up and connected to the esophagus or stomach.
81. Will I be on a liquid diet when I go home?
You will likely be on a puree or soft diet for the first few weeks after you are discharged from the hospital.
82. Can I eat spicy food?
You may find your new digestive system is sensitive to very spicy foods, but this is individual.
83. What is the most important part of my follow-up?
Attending all your scheduled appointments and scans, and immediately reporting any new or concerning symptoms to your team.
84. Can I get a copy of my surgical report?
Yes, you are always entitled to your medical records, including the detailed report from your operation.
85. What is the difference between a gastrectomy and a gastric bypass?
A gastrectomy is the removal of the stomach for cancer. A gastric bypass is a procedure for weight loss where the stomach is divided and bypassed, but not removed.
86. What is the best advice for a family member?
Be patient, be supportive, and be an advocate. Help your loved one by attending appointments and helping them stay organized.
87. What if I feel overwhelmed with information?
Focus on one step at a time. Your main job is to find the right expert team; their job is to guide you through the complexities.
88. Will I need a psychologist?
Many patients find that speaking with a counselor or psychologist who specializes in oncology is extremely helpful for coping with the emotional challenges of a cancer diagnosis.
89. What is a “frozen section”?
This is when a piece of tissue is quick-frozen and examined by a pathologist *during* the surgery to give the surgeon real-time information, for example, about the surgical margins.
90. Why is Prof. Dr. Karatepe’s academic background important?
It shows he is not just a technician, but a scientific leader in his field who understands the biology of the disease and is up-to-date on the latest research and techniques.
91. How do I maintain my weight after surgery?
The challenge is often preventing too much weight loss. You must be diligent about eating small, frequent, high-protein, high-calorie meals.
92. Is there a link between stomach cancer and bowel cancer?
Not directly, unless it is part of a rare hereditary syndrome (like Lynch syndrome) that increases the risk of both.
93. Can I have surgery if I’m on a blood thinner?
Your blood thinner would need to be stopped for a specific period before and after surgery, managed carefully by your medical team.
94. How will I know if my new connection is healed?
Sometimes a special swallow study with a dye is performed before you start eating to make sure there are no leaks.
95. What is the most hopeful part of this journey?
The most hopeful part is that there is a clear, proven path to a potential cure, and it begins with expert surgery.
96. Why is a D2 dissection better than a D1?
A D1 dissection removes only the lymph nodes right next to the stomach. A D2 dissection removes those plus the nodes along the main blood vessels. Decades of research have shown D2 is superior for cancer control.
97. What if my local surgeon doesn’t do a D2 dissection?
Then you should seek an opinion from a specialist who does, as it is the worldwide standard of care for curative stomach cancer surgery.
98. How do I manage the side effects of chemotherapy?
Your oncology team has many effective supportive medications to manage side effects like nausea and to help boost your blood counts.
99. Can I ever be considered “cancer-free”?
Yes. After 5 years with no evidence of disease, you are generally considered cured, with a very low risk of the cancer returning.
100. I have my diagnosis. What is the single most important thing to do now?
Your most important action is to secure a consultation with a high-volume surgical oncologist who specializes in stomach cancer. Your choice of surgeon is your most powerful move.
Contact & WhatsApp: +90 530 917 30 30
References
We base our practice and information on the highest standards set by leading global medical authorities and cancer research organizations. The content on this page is informed by:
- The American Cancer Society (ACS). (n.d.). Surgery for Stomach Cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/treating/surgery.html
- Cancer Research UK. (n.d.). Surgery for stomach cancer. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/treatment/surgery
- National Cancer Institute (NCI). (n.d.). Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/patient/stomach-treatment-pdq
Please note: This information is for general purposes only. For personalized treatment advice, please contact us directly.